Investigation of Sentinel-1-derived land subsidence using wavelet tools and triple exponential smoothing algorithm in Lagos, Nigeria

Lagos has a history of long-term groundwater abstraction that is often compounded by the rising indiscriminate siting private borehole and water well. This resulted in various forms environmental degradation, including land subsidence. Prediction temporal evolution subsidence central to successful management. In this study, triple exponential smoothing algorithm was applied predict future trend Lagos. Land time series computed with SBAS-InSAR technique Sentinel-1 acquisitions from 2015 2019. Besides, Matlab wavelet tool implemented investigate periodicity within displacement signal components understand relationship between observed subsidence, level change soil moisture. Results show LOS direction varied approximately − 94 15 mm/year. According wavelet-based analysis result, partly influenced both groundwater-level fluctuations moisture variability. Evaluation proposed model indicates good accuracy, highest residual 8%. We then used years 2020 2023. The result showed end 2023 maximum would reach 958 mm, which 23% increase.